GPT-4.1

Crowdsourced pairwise human preference rankings of LLM responses. Higher Elo means more frequently preferred by users.

Real GitHub issues solved end-to-end. Verified subset is a 500-task human-validated slice of SWE-bench.

Mathematical research problems spanning analysis, algebra, combinatorics and number theory. Tiers 1-3 are progressively harder; even frontier reasoning models only solve a small fraction. The hardest publicly reported benchmark for general mathematical reasoning.

AIME-style competition problems written specifically for the OTIS mock contest, then run as an evaluation by Epoch AI. Closer in spirit to the public AIME but with novel problems unlikely to appear in training data.

A challenging multi-disciplinary exam aggregating expert-written questions from across academic fields. Designed to discriminate at the very top of the capability range when MMLU-style tests saturate.

Second-generation ARC challenge testing fluid reasoning over abstract visual puzzles. Resists training-data memorisation by construction: each puzzle is novel and solutions require multi-step pattern induction. Frontier models are only just starting to score above chance on the harder tier.

Real-world refactoring and bug-fix tasks across multiple programming languages, scored by whether the model produces a passing patch in Aider's edit format. Tests practical coding ability beyond single-file generation; harder than HumanEval and not yet saturated.

Saturation-resistant composite capability score stitched together from ~40 underlying benchmarks using Item Response Theory. Each benchmark is weighted by its fitted difficulty and discriminative slope, so doing well on hard, contamination-resistant evals (FrontierMath, ARC-AGI 2, Humanity's Last Exam) moves the score and saturated benchmarks contribute almost nothing. Imported per-model from Epoch AI's published index; we anchor it to the same min-max scale we use for every other benchmark so it's directly weightable in scenarios.